Sucesso da punção intravenosa periférica após capacitação dos profissionais de enfermagem para o uso da transiluminação / Puncture Success after training nurses in the use of transillumination / Éxito de la punción venosa periférica después de la formación de profesionales de enfermería en el uso de la transiluminación

Objetivo: avaliar o índice de sucesso na primeira tentativa de cateterização intravenosa periférica em crianças após capacitação de profissionais de enfermagem para o uso de transiluminação. Método: estudo observacional, prospectivo, comparativo do tipo antes e depois, realizado com enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem que foram capacitados para a cateterização guiada pela transiluminação e observados executando 35 procedimentos antes e 35 após a capacitação, no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019, após aprovação do mérito ético do protocolo de pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e analítica. Resultados: o índice de sucesso na primeira tentativa foi de 62,9% antes e 65,7% depois (p=0,803). Os técnicos de enfermagem executaram mais a punção antes da capacitação e os enfermeiros depois (p<0,01). Conclusão: a capacitação de profissionais para realizar a punção guiada pela transiluminação aumentou o índice de sucesso na primeira tentativa de punção intravenosa periférica, sem diferença estastiticamente significativa.

Objective: to evaluate the puncture success in the first attempt in children after training nursing professionals in the use of transillumination. Method: observational, prospective, comparative before-and-after study, carried out with nurses and nursing technicians were trained for transillumination-guided catheterization and observed performing 35 procedures before and 35 after training, from November 2018 to May 2019, after approval of the ethical merit of the research. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically. Results: success in the first attempt was 62.9% before and 65.7% after (p=0.803). Nursing technicians performed more punctures before training and nurses after (p<0.01). Conclusion: the training professionals to perform transillumination-guided puncture increased success in the first attempt at peripheral intravenous puncture, without significant statistical difference.

Objetivo: evaluar la tasa de éxito en el primer intento de cateterización venosa periférica en niños después de capacitar a los profesionales de enfermería en el uso de la transiluminación. Método: estudio observacional, prospectivo, comparativo de antes y después, realizado junto a enfermeros y técnicos de enfermería capacitados para cateterización guiada por transiluminación y observados realizando 35 procedimientos antes y 35 después del entrenamiento, de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019, previa aprobación del mérito ético del protocolo de la investigación. Los datos se analizaron de forma descriptiva y analítica. Resultados: la tasa de éxito en el primer intento fue del 62,9% antes y del 65,7% después (p=0,803). Los técnicos de enfermería realizaron más punciones antes del entrenamiento y los enfermeros después (p<0,01). Conclusión: la formación de profesionales para realizar la punción guiada por transiluminación aumentó la tasa de éxito en el primer intento de punción venosa periférica, sin diferencia estadística significativa.

Construction and application of a decision-making flowchart for difficult peripheral intravenous puncture in children / Construcción y aplicación de un diagrama de flujo de toma de decisiones para la punción intravenosa periférica difícil en niños / Construção e aplicação de fluxograma decisório para punção intravenosa periférica difícil de crianças

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and verify the clinical applicability of a flowchart for assessing children and adolescents who will undergo peripheral intravenous catheterization, according to risk factors for procedure failure. Method: this is a methodological and observational study, which followed the AGREEII instrument guidelines and steps for the construction of a decision-making flowchart for difficult peripheral intravenous puncture. Afterwards, clinical applicability with children and adolescents was verified after approval of ethical merit, with the main outcome being the success rate in the first puncture attempt. It was verified, through statistical analysis, the association of the outcome with the risk factors raised. Results: in the first stage of the study, a literature review was carried out to survey the risk factors for difficult puncture, and prematurity, less than three years, more pigmented skin, obesity, chronic diseases, dehydration, vein difficult to see and/or not palpable, history of multiple punctures and complications of intravenous therapy were found. After applying the flowchart, it was found that 96.3% of the children and adolescents assessed were at risk of being punctured more than once and that 43.9% underwent more than one procedure for success. Those who were unsuccessful on the first attempt were younger than three years old, had chronic disease, vein difficult to see, not palpable vein and a history of multiple punctures. Conclusion: flowchart construction was based on the risk factors for difficult puncture identified in the literature. Clinical applicability showed that it can be a useful tool to identify children and adolescents at risk for puncture failure.

RESUMEN Objetivos: construir y verificar la aplicabilidad clínica de un diagrama de flujo para la evaluación de niños y adolescentes que serán sometidos a cateterismo intravenoso periférico según factores de riesgo de falla del procedimiento. Método: estudio metodológico y observacional, que siguió las pautas y pasos del instrumento AGREEII para la construcción del diagrama de flujo de toma de decisiones para la punción intravenosa periférica difícil. Posteriormente, se verificó la aplicabilidad clínica con niños y adolescentes, previa aprobación del mérito ético, siendo el resultado principal la tasa de éxito en el primer intento de punción. Se verificó, a través del análisis estadístico, la asociación del desenlace con los factores de riesgo planteados. Resultado: en la primera etapa del estudio se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para relevar los factores de riesgo de la punción difícil, encontrándose prematuridad, menos de tres años, piel más pigmentada, obesidad, enfermedades crónicas, deshidratación, vasos difíciles de visualizar y/o palpar, antecedentes de múltiples punciones y complicaciones de la terapia intravenosa. Después de aplicar el diagrama de flujo, se encontró que el 96,3% de los niños y adolescentes evaluados tenían riesgo de ser puncionados más de una vez, y que el 43,9% se sometió a más de un procedimiento con éxito. Los que no tuvieron éxito en el primer intento eran menores de tres años, tenían enfermedad crónica, dificultad para la visualización y palpación de los vasos y antecedentes de múltiples punciones. Conclusión: la construcción del diagrama de flujo se basó en los factores de riesgo para punción difícil identificados en la literatura. La aplicabilidad clínica demostró que puede ser una herramienta útil para identificar a niños y adolescentes con riesgo de fracaso de la punción.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e verificar a aplicabilidade clínica de um fluxograma para avaliação de crianças e adolescentes que serão submetidos à cateterização intravenosa periférica, segundo fatores de risco para insucesso do procedimento. Método: estudo metodológico e observacional, que seguiu diretrizes e etapas do instrumento AGREEII para a construção do fluxograma decisório para punção intravenosa periférica difícil. Depois, verificou-se a aplicabilidade clínica com crianças e adolescentes, após aprovação do mérito ético, sendo o desfecho principal o índice de sucesso na primeira tentativa de punção. Verificou-se, por análise estatística, a associação do desfecho com os fatores de risco levantados. A coleta dos dados foi realizada entre os meses de novembro de 2018 e fevereiro de 2019. Resultado: na primeira etapa do estudo realizou-se revisão de literatura para levantamento dos fatores de risco para a difícil punção sendo encontrados prematuridade, menos de três anos, pele mais pigmentada, obesidade, doenças crônicas, desidratação, vasos difíceis de serem visualizados e/ou palpados, história de múltiplas punções e complicações da terapia intravenosa. Após aplicação do fluxograma, verificou-se que 96,3% das crianças e adolescentes avaliados tinham risco para serem puncionados mais de uma vez, e que 43,9% foram submetidos a mais de um procedimento para o sucesso. Os que não obtiveram sucesso na primeira tentativa tinham menos de três anos, possuíam doença crônica, difícil visualização e palpação dos vasos e histórico de múltiplas punções. Conclusão: a construção do fluxograma foi fundamentada nos fatores de risco para a difícil punção identificados na literatura. A aplicabilidade clínica mostrou que pode ser instrumento útil para identificar crianças e adolescentes com risco para insucesso da punção.

Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Venous International Assessment Scale and proposal of revision.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Brazilian Portuguese translation and analyze the cultural adaptation of the Venous International Assessment Scale. METHODS: Observational study by employing the Delphi technique and an equivalence evaluation by experts. The results were analyzed using item scores and by content validity index calculations of item, scale, and universal agreement. RESULTS: Three rounds of evaluation were necessary for consensus. Explanatory contents were incorporated into the original scale throughout the process, resulting in a new version: VIA Scale - Revised. This scale obtained a content validity index of 0.96 and a universal agreement of 0.78. In the cross-cultural adequacy analysis phase, a score of 0.77 was obtained. The majority (90.5%) of the participants judged the scale's decision support property as positive. CONCLUSION: The VIA Scale was validated and culturally adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language, resulting in the VIA Scale - Revised (VIA-R).

Stability of vancomycin hydrochloride employed in antimicrobial seal solutions of central intravenous catheters. / Estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina empregado em soluções de selo antimicrobiano de cateteres intravenosos centrais.

OBJECTIVE: to verify the stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in antimicrobial seal solutions with and without association of heparin sodium according to temperature and association time. METHOD: an experimental study designed for the analysis of hydrogenionic potential and concentration by means of high-efficiency liquid chromatography of vancomycin hydrochloride (n=06) and vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium (n=06). The solutions studied were submitted to absence of light, as well as to 22°C and 37°C. Analyses in triplicate (n=192) were performed at the initial moment (T0) and three (T3), eight (T8) and 24 hours (T24) after preparation. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p≤0.05). RESULTS: concentration of the antimicrobial at 22°C presented a reduction (T0-T8) and a subsequent increase (T24); hydrogenionic potential decreased significantly over time. At 37°C, the concentration increased up to T3 and decreased at T24, with a reduction of hydrogenionic potential up to 24 hours. Concentration of the vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium solutions varied with a reduction at 22°C, accompanied by increased hydrogenionic potential. Precipitate formation was observed by visual inspection of the vancomycin hydrochloride-heparin sodium association (T3). CONCLUSION: pharmacological stability of vancomycin hydrochloride (5 mg/mL) and physical incompatibility with heparin sodium (100 IU/mL) were evidenced after three hours of association in the antimicrobial seal solutions studied.

A Pediatric Intensive Care Checklist for Interprofessional Rounds: The R-PICniC Study.

BACKGROUND: The use of checklists in the pediatric intensive care unit can help improve the quality of care and patient safety. OBJECTIVES: To build and validate a checklist for use in interprofessional rounds in a pediatric intensive care unit. METHODS: This methodological study was conducted in a 20-bed pediatric intensive care unit serving children up to 14 years old. A checklist prototype was constructed through review of the literature and achievement of consensus among the professionals providing care in the unit. Content validation was performed using a modified Delphi technique involving specialists with more than 5 years of experience in pediatric intensive care, methodological studies, and patient safety. Content validity ratios were calculated for the elements of the checklist, which were considered valid when they reached values greater than 0.78. The checklist was tested for usability, application time, and effects on patient care, and feedback was obtained from potential users. RESULTS: Before content validation, the checklist contained 11 domains, 32 items, and 6 daily goals. The invitation to validate content was sent to 86 specialists, and content validity was achieved after 2 rounds of evaluation, with the checklist elements having content validity ratios ranging from 0.94 to 0.97. The mean application time of the checklist was 5 minutes. The final version consisted of 11 domains, 33 items, and 8 daily goals. CONCLUSIONS: This study resulted in a useful and valid instrument for application in interprofessional rounds that was tailored to the needs of local health care professionals.

Start-up delay in syringe infusion pumps with different rates and priming techniques of intravenoust sets.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate infusion pumps start-up delay according to different brands of infusion pumps, flow rates and intravenous sets priming techniques. METHOD: The experimental study simulated clinical practice under controlled conditions, using a 50 mL syringe with NaCl 0.9% solution, two syringe infusion pumps (A and B), six rates (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 5, 10 and 20 mL/h), two purging techniques (manually or infusion pump's electronic bolus). Data were analyzed according to mean, standard deviation, Student's t and ANOVA tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The start-up delay was greater in low rates regardless the priming technique. The electronic bolus increased the infusion pump A accuracy at 0.3mL/h (p=0.010), 0.5 mL/h (p=0.002) and 1.0mL/h (p=0.004). Pump's accuracy in all studied rates and manual IV sets filling was similar. CONCLUSION: In low infusion rates the start-up delay was greater despite the infusion pump brand and electronic bolus improved pumps accuracy.

Peripheral vascular catheter use in Latin America (the vascular study): A multinational cross-sectional study.

Background: Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is one of the most common clinical procedures worldwide, yet little data are available from Latin America. Our aim was to describe processes and practices regarding PIVC use in hospitalized patients related to hospital guidelines, characteristics of PIVC inserters, prevalence of PIVC complications, and idle PIVCs. Methods: In 2019 we conducted a multinational, cross-sectional study of adult and pediatric patients with a PIVC in hospitals from five Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. We used two data collection tools to collect hospital guidelines and patient-specific data on the day of the study. The vessel health and preservation (VHP) model guided synthesis of the study aims/questions and suggested opportunities for improvement. Results: A total of 9,620 PIVCs in adult (86%) and pediatric inpatients in 132 hospitals were assessed. Routine replacement 8-72 hourly was recommended for adults in 22% of hospitals, rather than evidence-based clinical assessment-based durations, and 69% of hospitals allowed the use of non-sterile tape rather than the international standard of a sterile dressing. The majority (52%) of PIVCs were inserted by registered nurses (RNs), followed by nursing assistants/technicians (41%). Eight percent of PIVCs had pain, hyperemia, or edema, 6% had blood in the extension tubing/connector, and 3% had dried blood around the device. Most PIVCs had been inserted for intravenous medications (81%) or fluids (59%) in the previous 24 h, but 9% were redundant. Conclusion: Given the variation in policies, processes and practices across countries and participating hospitals, clinical guidelines should be available in languages other than English to support clinician skills and knowledge to improve PIVC safety and quality. Existing and successful vascular access societies should be encouraged to expand their reach and encourage other countries to join in multinational communities of practice.

Impact of different syringe pumps on red cells during paediatric simulated transfusion.

BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients frequently need blood transfusions. For safety, blood must be delivered via syringe infusion pumps, yet this can cause red cell damage and increase the rate of haemolysis. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate biochemical and haemolytic markers of red blood cells transfused in three different types of syringe infusion pumps at two different infusion rates (10 and 100 mL/h). DESIGN AND METHODS: A lab-based study using aliquots of 16 red blood cell bags was undertaken. Haemolysis markers (total haemoglobin [g/dL], haematocrit [%], free haemoglobin [g/dL], potassium [mmol/L], lactate dehydrogenase [U/L], osmolality [mOsm/kg], pH, degree of haemolysis [%]) were measured before and after red blood cell infusion and exposure. Three different syringe infusion pumps brands (A, B, and C) were compared at two different infusion rates (10 and 100 mL/h). RESULTS: Total haemoglobin fell significantly in all red blood cell units during manipulation (pre-infusion: 26.44 ± 5.74; post-exposure: 22.62 ± 4.00; P = .026). The degree of haemolysis significantly increased by 40% after manipulation of the red blood cells. Syringe infusion pump A caused a 3-fold increase in potassium levels (3.78 ± 6.10) when compared with B (-0.14 ± 1.46) and C (1.63 ± 1.98) (P = .015). This pump also produced the worst changes, with an increase in free haemoglobin (0.05 ± 0.05; P = .038) and more haemolysis (0.08 ± 0.07; P = .033). There were significant differences and an increase in the degree of haemolysis (P = .004) at the infusion rate of 100 mL/h. CONCLUSIONS: Syringe infusion pumps may cause significant red blood cell damage during infusion, with increases in free haemoglobin, potassium, and the degree of haemolysis. Some pump types, with a cassette mechanism, caused more damage. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: In many intensive care units, bedside nurses are able to consider infusion pump choice, and understanding the impact of different pump types on red blood cells during a transfusion provides the nurses with more information to enhance decision-making and improve the quality of the transfusion.

Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Venous International Assessment Scale and proposal of revision / Validación para el portugués de Brasil de la escala Venous International Assessment y propuesta de revisión / Validação para o português do Brasil da Escala Venous International Assessment e proposta de revisão

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate the Brazilian Portuguese translation and analyze the cultural adaptation of the Venous International Assessment Scale. Methods: Observational study by employing the Delphi technique and an equivalence evaluation by experts. The results were analyzed using item scores and by content validity index calculations of item, scale, and universal agreement. Results: Three rounds of evaluation were necessary for consensus. Explanatory contents were incorporated into the original scale throughout the process, resulting in a new version: VIA Scale - Revised. This scale obtained a content validity index of 0.96 and a universal agreement of 0.78. In the cross-cultural adequacy analysis phase, a score of 0.77 was obtained. The majority (90.5%) of the participants judged the scale's decision support property as positive. Conclusion: The VIA Scale was validated and culturally adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language, resulting in the VIA Scale - Revised (VIA-R).

RESUMEN Objetivo: Validar traducción para el portugués brasileño y analizar la adaptación cultural de la Escala Venous International Assessment. Métodos: Estudio observacional dado por la aplicación de la técnica de Delphi y evaluación de la equivalencia por especialistas. Los resultados analizados mediante la calificación por ítem y cálculos de índices de validez de contenido de ítem, escala y concordancia universal. Resultados: Fueron necesarias tres rondas de evaluación para consenso. En el curso del proceso, fueron incorporados contenidos explicativos a la escala original, proponiéndose la Escala VIA - Revised. Esta obtuvo índice de validez de contenido de 0,96 y concordancia universal de 0,78. En el análisis de la adecuación transcultural, fue obtenido índice de 0,77. La mayoría (90,5%) de los participantes juzgó positivamente la propriedad de la escala de apoyo a la decisión. Conclusión: La Escala VIA fue validada y adaptada culturalmente al portugués brasileño, generando proposición de la Escala VIA - Revised (VIA-R).

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar a tradução para língua portuguesa do Brasil e analisar a adaptação cultural da Escala Venous International Assessment. Métodos: Estudo observacional dado pela aplicação da técnica de Delphi e avaliação da equivalência por especialistas. Os resultados foram analisados mediante a pontuação por item e cálculos de índices de validade de conteúdo de item, escala e concordância universal. Resultados: Foram necessárias três rodadas de avaliação para consenso. No decorrer do processo, foram incorporados conteúdos explicativos à escala original, propondo-se a Escala VIA - Revised. Esta obteve índice de validade de conteúdo de 0,96 e concordância universal de 0,78. Na etapa de análise da adequação transcultural, foi obtido índice de 0,77. A maioria (90,5%) dos participantes julgou de modo positivo a propriedade da escala de apoio à decisão. Conclusão: A Escala VIA foi validada e adaptada culturalmente para a língua portuguesa do Brasil, gerando proposição da Escala VIA - Revised (VIA-R).

Start-up delay in syringe infusion pumps with different rates and priming techniques of intravenoust sets / Retardo en la puesta en marcha en bombas de infusión de jeringa con diferentes velocidades de infusión y purga del sistema de infusión / Atraso na inicialização em bombas de infusão por seringa com diferentes velocidades de infusão e técnicas de preenchimento do sistema de infusão

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate infusion pumps start-up delay according to different brands of infusion pumps, flow rates and intravenous sets priming techniques. Method: The experimental study simulated clinical practice under controlled conditions, using a 50 mL syringe with NaCl 0.9% solution, two syringe infusion pumps (A and B), six rates (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 5, 10 and 20 mL/h), two purging techniques (manually or infusion pump's electronic bolus). Data were analyzed according to mean, standard deviation, Student's t and ANOVA tests (p<0.05). Results: The start-up delay was greater in low rates regardless the priming technique. The electronic bolus increased the infusion pump A accuracy at 0.3mL/h (p=0.010), 0.5 mL/h (p=0.002) and 1.0mL/h (p=0.004). Pump's accuracy in all studied rates and manual IV sets filling was similar. Conclusion: In low infusion rates the start-up delay was greater despite the infusion pump brand and electronic bolus improved pumps accuracy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo fue investigar el retraso en la operación de bombas de infusión de acuerdo con diferentes marcas de bombas de infusión, velocidades de infusión y técnicas de purga de lo sistema de infusión. Método: Estudio experimental que simuló la práctica clínica en condiciones controladas con jeringas de 50 mL y solución de NaCl 0,9%, dos bombas de infusión de jeringa (A y B), seis velocidades (0,3; 0,5; 1,0; 5; 10 y 20 mL/h), dos modos de purga (manual o electrónico por la bomba de infusión - bolo). Los datos se analizaron según media, desviación estándar, Test-T y ANOVA (p<0,05). Resultados: El retraso de la operación de las bombas ocurrió en tasas bajas independientemente de la técnica de purga. El modo electrónico aumentó la precisión de la bomba de infusión A en 0,3 mL/h (p=0,010), 0,5 mL/h (p = 0,002) y 1,0 mL/h (p=0,004). Con la técnica manual la precisión fue similar. Conclusión: Los retrasos de operación fueran significantes en bajas velocidades de infusión y el modo electrónico optimizó la precisión.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o atraso de inicialização de bomba de infusão, segundo diferentes marcas de bombas de infusão, velocidades e técnicas de preenchimento do sistema de infusão intravenosa. Método: Estudo experimental que simulou a prática clínica, utilizando seringas de 50 mL com solução de NaCl 0,9%, duas marcas de bombas de infusão por seringa (A e B), seis velocidades (0,3; 0,5; 1,0; 5; 10 e 20 mL/h), dois modos de preenchimento do sistema (manual ou eletrônico pelo modo bolus do equipamento). Os dados foram analisados segundo média, desvio padrão e testes t de Student e ANOVA (p<0,05). Resultados: O atraso na inicialização foi maior em velocidades baixas, independentemente da marca e modo de preenchimento. O preenchimento eletrônico aumentou a acurácia na bomba A em 0,3 mL/h (p=0,010), 0,5 mL/h (p=0,002) e 1,0 mL/h (p=0,004). A acurácia em preenchimento manual foi semelhante. Conclusão: Em baixas velocidades de infusão o atraso de inicialização foi maior e o preenchimento do sistema de infusão pelo modo eletrônico melhorou a acurácia dos equipamentos.

Estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina empregado em soluções de selo antimicrobiano de cateteres intravenosos centrais / Stability of vancomycin hydrochloride employed in antimicrobial seal solutions of central intravenous catheters / Estabilidad del clorhidrato de vancomicina utilizado en soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano para catéteres intravenosos centrales

Resumo Objetivo: verificar a estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina em soluções de selo antimicrobiano sem e com associação de heparina sódica segundo a temperatura e tempo de associação. Método: estudo experimental delineado para análise de potencial hidrogeniônico e concentração por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de soluções de cloridrato de vancomicina (n=06) e cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica (n=06). Submeteram-se as soluções estudadas à ausência de luz, 22°C e 37°C. Análises em triplicadas (n=192) ocorreram no momento inicial (T0), três (T3), oito (T8) e 24 horas (T24) após preparo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p≤0,05). Resultados: a concentração do antimicrobiano a 22°C apresentou redução (T0-T8) e posterior elevação (T24); o potencial hidrogeniônico diminuiu significativamente ao longo do tempo. Em 37°C a concentração aumentou em até T3 e reduziu em T24, com redução de potencial hidrogeniônico até 24 horas. A concentração das soluções de cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica apresentaram variação com redução a 22°C acompanhada de aumento de potencial hidrogeniônico. Observou-se formação de precipitado por inspeção visual da associação cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica (T3). Conclusão: evidenciou-se estabilidade farmacológica do cloridrato de vancomicina (5 mg/mL) e incompatibilidade física com heparina sódica (100 UI/mL) após três horas de associação nas soluções de selo antimicrobiano estudadas.

Abstract Objective: to verify the stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in antimicrobial seal solutions with and without association of heparin sodium according to temperature and association time. Method: an experimental study designed for the analysis of hydrogenionic potential and concentration by means of high-efficiency liquid chromatography of vancomycin hydrochloride (n=06) and vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium (n=06). The solutions studied were submitted to absence of light, as well as to 22°C and 37°C. Analyses in triplicate (n=192) were performed at the initial moment (T0) and three (T3), eight (T8) and 24 hours (T24) after preparation. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p≤0.05). Results: concentration of the antimicrobial at 22°C presented a reduction (T0-T8) and a subsequent increase (T24); hydrogenionic potential decreased significantly over time. At 37°C, the concentration increased up to T3 and decreased at T24, with a reduction of hydrogenionic potential up to 24 hours. Concentration of the vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium solutions varied with a reduction at 22°C, accompanied by increased hydrogenionic potential. Precipitate formation was observed by visual inspection of the vancomycin hydrochloride-heparin sodium association (T3). Conclusion: pharmacological stability of vancomycin hydrochloride (5 mg/mL) and physical incompatibility with heparin sodium (100 IU/mL) were evidenced after three hours of association in the antimicrobial seal solutions studied.

Resumen Objetivo: verificar la estabilidad del clorhidrato de vancomicina en soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano solo y combinado con heparina sódica según la temperatura y el tiempo de combinación. Método: estudio experimental diseñado para analizar el potencial de hidrógeno y la concentración por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución de soluciones de clorhidrato de vancomicina (n=06) y de clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica (n=06). Las soluciones estudiadas fueron sometidas a ausencia de luz, 22°C y 37°C. Se realizaron análisis por triplicado (n=192) en el momento inicial (T0), a las tres (T3), ocho (T8) y 24 horas (T24) después de la preparación. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza (p≤0,05). Resultados: la concentración de antimicrobiano a 22°C mostró una reducción (T0-T8) y un posterior aumento (T24); el potencial de hidrógeno disminuyó significativamente con el tiempo. A 37°C, la concentración aumentó hasta T3 y disminuyó en T24, el potencial de hidrógeno disminuyó hasta las 24 horas. La concentración de las soluciones de clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica mostró variación con la reducción a 22°C acompañada de un aumento del potencial de hidrógeno. Mediante inspección visual se observó la formación de un precipitado al combinar clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica (T3). Conclusión: el clorhidrato de vancomicina (5 mg/ml) presentó evidencia de estabilidad farmacológica e incompatibilidad física con la heparina sódica (100 UI/ml) después de las tres horas de haberse realizado la combinación en las soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano estudiadas.

Effect of warming and infusion of red blood cell concentrates on markers of haemolysis: An ex vivo simulation study.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion of red blood cell (RBC) concentrates is a common procedure to restore blood volume and tissue oxygen delivery in patients with trauma. Although RBC warmers may prevent hypothermia, some warming or infusion equipment may lead to haemolysis and patient injury. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the effect of (i) RBC warming and (ii) administration via manual vs. pump infusion on haemolysis. METHODS: This experimental ex vivo study studied haemolysis markers of RBC injury. The sample consisted of 90 RBC infusions in two simulations, randomly, 45 warmed RBC infusions and 45 nonwarmed RBC infusions, in two or three stages: before the intervention (baseline-warming, N= 45; nonwarming, N= 45), after water bath warming at 42 °C (warmed, N= 45), and then after the warmed or nonwarmed RBCs were infused by manual or pump infusion at a rate of 100 mL/h (infusion-warming, N= 45; nonwarming, N= 45). RESULTS: Warmed RBCs showed significantly lower total haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit levels and increase in free Hb levels, haemolysis levels, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (all p<0.05) than baseline RBCs. Pump infusion RBCs were associated with reduced total Hb and increased free Hb, haemolysis, and potassium (K) levels (all p<0.05) compared with warmed RBCs. In contrast, manual infusion of warmed RBCs resulted in significantly reduced total Hb levels and increased LDH activity (both <0.05). After infusion, total Hb, free Hb, haematocrit, haemolysis, and LDH values were significantly different for warmed vs. nonwarmed RBCs (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Haemolysis biomarkers increase with RBC warming and infusion, especially when using infusion pumps. Critically ill patients should be carefully monitored for possible complications during and after RBC infusion.

Time-related factors for peripheral intravenous catheterization of critical children.

OBJECTIVE: To verify characteristics related to critical children, the catheter, and the professionals that will influence the time for the success of the puncture. METHOD: Descriptive, prospective, and correlation study, collected with an unique instrument, and a sample consisting of 89 children cared for in the emergency room. Statistical analysis of the association between time and explanatory variables was performed, considering a significance of 5%. RESULT: The median time for success was 193.4 seconds. Multivariate analysis showed that hypothermic patients (p=0.009) presented prolonged times for success and that the puncture was performed in a shorter time with Vialon® 22G catheters (p=0.045). CONCLUSION: The median time for success was higher than recommended, being influenced by hypothermia and condition of veins the children. The Vialon® 22G catheter is the most suitable for puncturing critical patients. Thus, the incorporation of new practices and technologies is necessary for success to occur in less time.

Effects of Blood Transfusion Sets on Red Blood Cell Hemolysis.

This experimental randomized study compared the effects of macrodrop and microdrop blood transfusion sets on red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis. Twenty units of packed RBCs from different donors were infused through 48 infusion sets from 2 manufacturers at infusion rates of 10 and 100 mL/h. Pre- and postinfusion analysis was performed to determine total hemoglobin (g/dL), hematocrit (%), free hemoglobin (g/dL), potassium (mmol/L), haptoglobin (g/L), and degree of hemolysis (%). The results demonstrated that the level of free hemoglobin (P < .001) and degree of hemolysis (P < .001) increased postinfusion. A higher degree of hemolysis was noted when the RBCs were infused at a rate of 10 mL/h through a microdrop blood transfusion set.

Marcadores de hemólise em concentrado de hemácias administrados por cateter central de inserção periférica não valvulado* / Marcadores de hemólisis en concentrado de eritrocitos administrados por catéter central de inserción periférica sin válvula* / Hemolysis markers of blood administered in non-valved peripherally inserted central catheter*

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as variações nos níveis de marcadores de hemólise em CH administrados por CCIP segundo o calibre do cateter. Método: Estudo experimental realizado em laboratório com condições de temperatura e umidade controladas. A amostra teve 36 alíquotas de sangue de 10 bolsas de hemácias com tipo de sangue A+; infusão de gravidade foi utilizada em seis CCIP de 3Fr (French) e seis de 4Fr, totalizando 12 experimentos divididos em três tempos: basal, fluxo livre e fluxo controlado. Analisou-se grau de hemólise, valores totais e livres de hemoglobina, desidrogenase láctica e potássio. Resultados: Houve aumento da média de hemoglobina livre (p=0,01) e grau de hemólise (p=0,01) após infusão de fluxo livre, com média de elevação de 0,04 de potássio (p<0,01) e redução de hemoglobina total (p=0,01) em fluxo controlado. O concentrado de hemácias aplicadas em 4Fr CCIP teve média de elevação de grau de fluxo. O CCIP de 3Fr teve aumento médio significante em grau de hemólise (p=0,03) e hemoglobina livre (p=0,01) após controle do fluxo. Conclusão: O CCIP de 4Fr foram associados a maiores mudanças nos marcadores de hemólise. Maior dimensão do calibre pode proporcionar fluxo turbulento, contribuindo para um maior choque entre as hemácias.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las variaciones de los niveles de marcadores de hemólisis en CE administrados por CCIP según el calibre del catéter. Método: Estudio experimental realizado en laboratorio en condiciones de temperatura y humedad controladas. La muestra tenía 36 alícuotas de sangre de 10 bolsas de eritrocitos con tipo de sangre A+; fue utilizada infusión por gravedad en seis CCIP de 3 FR (French) y seis de 4 FR, un total de 12 experimentos divididos en tres tiempos: basal, flujo libre y flujo controlado. Se analizó el nivel de hemólisis, valores totales y libres de hemoglobina, deshidrogenasa láctica y potasio. Resultados: Hubo un aumento del promedio de hemoglobina libre (p=0,01) y nivel de hemólisis (p=0,01) después de infusión de flujo libre, con promedio de elevación de 0,04 de potasio (p<0,01) y reducción de hemoglobina total (p=0,01) en flujo controlado. El concentrado de eritrocitos aplicados en 4 FR CCIP tuvo promedio de elevación de nivel de flujo. El CCIP de 3 FR tuvo un aumento promedio significativo en nivel de hemólisis (p=0,03) y hemoglobina libre (p=0,01) después de control de flujo. Conclusión: El CCIP de 4 FR fue asociado a mayores cambios en los marcadores de hemólisis. Mayor dimensión del calibre puede proporcionar flujo turbulento, lo que contribuye a un mayor choque entre los eritrocitos.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the change in hemolysis markers in packed red blood cells, administered by gravity infusion in non-valved PICC lines, according to different sizes. Methods: Experimental study carried out in laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. The sample had 36 blood aliquots from 10 packed red blood cells bags with A positive blood type; gravity infusion was used in six 3 French (Fr) PICC and in six 4Fr PICC, totaling 12 experiments divided in three moments: Basal, Free Flow and Controlled Flow. Degree of hemolysis, total and free hemoglobin values, lactic dehydrogenase and potassium were analyzed. Results: There was an average increase of free hemoglobin (p=0.01) and degree of hemolysis (p=0.01) after Free Flow infusion, with 0.04 average elevation of potassium (p<0.01) and decrease of total hemoglobin (p=0.01) in Controlled Flow. The packed red blood cells infused in 4Fr PICC had average elevation of degree of hemolysis (p=0.03) in Free Flow, and potassium (p=0.03) and degree of hemolysis (p=0.05) in the Controlled Flow. The 3Fr PICC had significant average increase in the degree of hemolysis (p=0.03) and free hemoglobin (p=0.01) after flow control. Conclusion: The 4Fr PICC were associated to higher changes in hemolysis markers. We infer that the larger size can provide a turbulent flow, contributing to a larger clash among red blood cells.

Time-related factors for peripheral intravenous catheterization of critical children / Factores asociados con el tiempo en la cateterización intravenosa periférica de niños en situación crítica / Fatores relacionados ao tempo para a cateterização intravenosa periférica de crianças críticas

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify characteristics related to critical children, the catheter, and the professionals that will influence the time for the success of the puncture. Method: Descriptive, prospective, and correlation study, collected with an unique instrument, and a sample consisting of 89 children cared for in the emergency room. Statistical analysis of the association between time and explanatory variables was performed, considering a significance of 5%. Result: The median time for success was 193.4 seconds. Multivariate analysis showed that hypothermic patients (p=0.009) presented prolonged times for success and that the puncture was performed in a shorter time with Vialon® 22G catheters (p=0.045). Conclusion: The median time for success was higher than recommended, being influenced by hypothermia and condition of veins the children. The Vialon® 22G catheter is the most suitable for puncturing critical patients. Thus, the incorporation of new practices and technologies is necessary for success to occur in less time.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprobar las características relacionadas al niño en situación crítica, al catéter y al profesional que ejercerán influencia en el tiempo de punción. Método: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y correlacional, recolectado con instrumento propio, con muestra de 89 niños atendidos en la sala de urgencias. Se realizó el análisis estadístico para asociar el tiempo con las variables explicativas considerando nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultado: El tiempo promedio fue de 193,4 segundos. El análisis multivariado demostró que los pacientes hipotérmicos (p=0,009) presentaron tiempos prolongados para el éxito y que la punción se realiza en menor tiempo con el catéter de Vialon® 22G (p=0,045). Conclusión: El tiempo promedio para el éxito fue superior a lo recomendado, siendo influenciado por la hipotermia y la red venosa comprometida. El catéter de Vialon® 22G es lo más indicado para puncionar pacientes en situación crítica. Hace necesario la incorporación de nuevas prácticas y tecnologías para que alcance el éxito en menor tiempo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar características relacionadas à criança crítica, ao cateter e ao profissional que influenciarão o tempo para o sucesso da punção. Método: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo e correlação, coletado com instrumento próprio, com amostra composta por 89 crianças atendidas na sala de emergência. Realizou-se análise estatística de associação entre o tempo e as variáveis explicativas considerando significância de 5%. Resultado: O tempo médio para o sucesso foi 193,4 segundos. Análise multivariada mostrou que pacientes hipotérmicos (p=0,009) apresentaram tempos prolongados para o sucesso e que a punção é realizada em menor tempo com cateter de Vialon® 22G (p=0,045). Conclusão: O tempo médio para sucesso foi superior ao recomendado, sendo influenciado pela hipotermia e rede venosa comprometida das crianças. O cateter de Vialon® 22G é o mais indicado para puncionar pacientes críticos. Assim, a incorporação de novas práticas e tecnologias se faz necessário para que o sucesso ocorra em menor tempo.

Randomized clinical study on radial artery compression time after elective coronary angiography.

OBJECTIVE: to compare two compression times of the radial artery after coronary angiography with customized compressive dressing regarding the occurrence of hemostasis and vascular complications. METHOD: a randomized clinical study was carried out in patients undergoing elective transradial coronary angiography in two study groups: (G30), whose compressive dressing was maintained for 30 minutes, and (G60), whose compressive dressing was maintained for 60 minutes, both until the first evaluation of hemostasis. Variables related to patients, procedure, occurrence of hemostasis, and vascular complications were analyzed. Patency of the radial artery was assessed with Doppler vascular ultrasonography, immediately after removing the compressive dressing and 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 152 patients in G30 and 151 in G60. Hemostasis was evidenced in the first evaluation in 76.3% of G30 patients and 84.2% of G60 patients (p = 0.063). There were 91 immediate complications, being 53 hematomas and 38 occlusions of the radial artery. We identified 18 late occlusions, 7 (5.5%) in G30 and 11 (8.2%) in G60. CONCLUSION: the different compression times of the radial artery after coronary angiography did not significantly influence the occurrence of hemostasis and vascular complications. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (Rebec): RBR-7VJYMJ.

Hemolysis risk after packed red blood cells transfusion with infusion pumps.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemolysis biomarkers of packed red blood cells transfused by two different linear peristaltic infusion pumps at two infusion rates. METHOD: An experimental and randomized study was designed simulating the clinical practice of transfusion. Two linear peristaltic infusion pumps from different manufactures were studied in triplicate at 100 mL/h and 300mL/h infusion rates. The chosen hemolysis biomarkers were total hemoglobin, free hemoglobin, hematocrit, potassium and degree of hemolysis. They were analyzed before and after each infusion. RESULTS: Potassium showed statistically significant variations in all scenarios of the experiment (P<0.010). In a separated analysis, potassium increased mainly at 300mL/h rate (P=0.021) and free hemoglobin had significant variation when comparing infusion pumps from different manufacturers (P=0.026). Although hematocrit, total hemoglobin and degree of hemolysis had increased after infusion, no statistically significance variations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Hemolysis risk induced by a linear peristaltic infusion pump was identified by an increase in free hemoglobin and potassium markers. As the potassium biomarker is often increased in aged packed red blood cells, we do not recommend using them in this scenario. Additional studies should be performed about other markers and using larger samples in order to reinforce the transfusion practice in nursing.

Hemolysis risk after packed red blood cells transfusion with infusion pumps / Risco de hemólise após transfusão de concentrado de hemácias com bombas de infusão / Riesgo de hemólisis después de la transfusión de concentrados de glóbulos rojos con bombas de infusión

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the hemolysis biomarkers of packed red blood cells transfused by two different linear peristaltic infusion pumps at two infusion rates. Method: An experimental and randomized study was designed simulating the clinical practice of transfusion. Two linear peristaltic infusion pumps from different manufactures were studied in triplicate at 100 mL/h and 300mL/h infusion rates. The chosen hemolysis biomarkers were total hemoglobin, free hemoglobin, hematocrit, potassium and degree of hemolysis. They were analyzed before and after each infusion. Results: Potassium showed statistically significant variations in all scenarios of the experiment (P<0.010). In a separated analysis, potassium increased mainly at 300mL/h rate (P=0.021) and free hemoglobin had significant variation when comparing infusion pumps from different manufacturers (P=0.026). Although hematocrit, total hemoglobin and degree of hemolysis had increased after infusion, no statistically significance variations were identified. Conclusions: Hemolysis risk induced by a linear peristaltic infusion pump was identified by an increase in free hemoglobin and potassium markers. As the potassium biomarker is often increased in aged packed red blood cells, we do not recommend using them in this scenario. Additional studies should be performed about other markers and using larger samples in order to reinforce the transfusion practice in nursing.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os biomarcadores de hemólise de concentrado de hemácias transfundidos por duas bombas de infusão peristáltica linear distintas, em duas taxas de infusão. Método: estudo experimental randomizado desenhado para simular a prática clínica da transfusão. Duas bombas de infusão peristáltica linear de diferentes fabricantes foram estudadas em triplicata a 100 ml/h e 300 mL/h de infusão. Os biomarcadores de hemólise escolhidos foram hemoglobina total, hemoglobina livre, hematócrito, potássio e grau de hemólise. Eles foram analisados antes e após cada infusão. Resultados: o potássio apresentou variações estatisticamente significativas em todos os cenários do experimento (P < 0,010). Em análise separada, o potássio aumentou principalmente na taxa de 300 mL/h (P = 0,021) e a hemoglobina livre teve uma variação significativa no experimento comparando bombas de infusão de diferentes fabricantes (P = 0,026). Embora o hematócrito, a hemoglobina total e o grau de hemólise tenham aumentado após a infusão, não foram identificadas variações estatisticamente significativas. Conclusões: o risco de hemólise induzido por bombas de infusão peristáltica linear foi identificado com base em um aumento nos marcadores de hemoglobina livre e potássio. Como o biomarcador potássio é frequentemente aumentado em concentrados de hemácias envelhecidos, não se recomenda usá-los nesse cenário e estudos adicionais podem ser realizados. Vale a pena realizar estudos sobre outros marcadores e utilizar amostras maiores para fundamentar a prática de enfermagem transfusional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los biomarcadores de hemólisis de concentrados de glóbulos rojos transfundidos por dos bombas de infusión peristálticas lineales diferentes a dos velocidades de infusión. Método: se hizo un estudio experimental y aleatorizado que simula la práctica clínica de la transfusión. Se estudiaron dos bombas de infusión peristálticas lineales de diferentes fabricantes por triplicado a velocidades de infusión de 100 ml/h y 300 ml/h. Los biomarcadores de hemólisis elegidos fueron la hemoglobina total, la hemoglobina libre, el hematocrito, el potasio y el grado de hemólisis. Fueron analizados antes y después de cada infusión. Resultados: El potasio mostró variaciones estadísticamente significativas en todos los escenarios del experimento (P <0.010). En análisis separados, el potasio aumentó principalmente a una tasa de 300 ml/h (P=0.021) y la hemoglobina libre tuvo una variación significativa en un experimento de un fabricante de bomba de infusión (P=0.026). Aunque el hematocrito, la hemoglobina total y el grado de hemólisis aumentaron después de la infusión, no se identificaron variaciones estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: el riesgo de hemólisis inducido por una bomba de infusión peristáltica lineal se identificó por un aumento en la hemoglobina libre y los marcadores de potasio. Debido a que el biomarcador de potasio a menudo aumenta en los glóbulos rojos concentrados de edad, no recomendamos utilizarlos en este escenario y se podrían realizar estudios adicionales. Vale la pena realizar estudios sobre otros marcadores y el uso de muestras más grandes para fundamentar la práctica de enfermería de transfusión de sangre.